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Historical Shifts in Naming Practices of the CHamoru People
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- Written by: Bernard Punzalan
In the pre-contact world of native CHamoru people, they held only one name as their first name. Naturally, a native name. During the Spanish occupation of the Mariana Islands, upon the Christianizing of the natives, one’s Christian baptismal name became her/his first name and native name became the last name. You can imagine the modern-day genealogical challenge trying to identify families, when a mother, father, sister and brother all had different last names. Also, when the Spanish government would record a woman’s name, only her maiden name was usually recorded, even if she was already married.
When the U.S. took over Guam, the U.S. Navy discontinued the Spanish convention naming practices (First name, father’s surname, mother’s surname) and required the American style (first name, middle name, father’s surname). So typically, one would find that a mother’s surname was used as a person’s middle name.
For some children born out of wedlock during those early years, I have observed two other different styles of names being recorded. The most common is the child would be named with the mother’s surname twice (first name, middle name = mother’s surname, and last name = mother’s surname). The other practice would be that the child would simply carry the mother’s full maiden name (first name, middle name = mother’s maternal surname, and last name = mother’s paternal surname).
Enter the 1940 census of Guam and I am seeing another shift in naming practices. For instance, within Sumay village, some parents were naming their children with a Christian/American first name and middle name, but the enumerator also recorded the initials of the mother’s surname. This appears to be a cultural shift in naming practices where we see the mother’s surname is no longer being used as a person’s middle name.
My Personal Story of Defiance & Peaceful Protest
In my family, there are eight of us siblings, born from as early as the 1950s. Yet, only one of my siblings carry my mother’s maiden surname as her middle name. The rest of us carry a Christian/American as a middle name. I am one of them. When I was younger, I did not appreciate that name, and could not understand why I did not carry my mother’s name like her, my father, and my sister.
Anyways. When I was 14 years old, I had applied for my Social Security Card so that I could start working at the age of 15. On the application, I took it upon myself and in defiance to record my name as Bernard Cruz Punzalan. Yes, the Social Security application system was very relaxed back then. When my card arrived, my mom opened the envelope, read my card, and then yelled “Benåtdu! What is this? This is not your name!” So, I asked her, “How come I do not carry your name?” She told me that my parents gave me the middle name Timothy, in honor of the Priest that married them. I still was not satisfied with her response. I said, “Okay, but I am also a Cruz. How come I do not have Cruz in my name?” She gave me her piercing eyes while raising her voice, “Benåtdu! Na’ påra!” Which, to me, was basically yelling at me to stop questioning because I was becoming disrespectful to her for questioning their decision. In those days, when you hear an elder yell “Na’ påra,” you really better stop or else…WHACK!
Needless to say, mom had me fill out another application to correct my name on my social security card. Therefore, in some of my prior employment and school records, I am recorded with two different middle names. Mom was not aware that I had continued to use my Bernard Cruz Punzalan social security card when I worked at other places before I joined the Army.
Who would have known that many moons later I would become the founder and principal researcher for the CHamoru Roots Genealogy Project and doing what I do? LOL.
More on Bartola Taisague Garrido
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- Written by: Bernard Punzalan
There are several good write-ups on Bartola Taisague Garrido, but as I was looking into the Garrido family trees more, I stumbled across additional information on her. Some of this information may already have been previously written about and accessible via the internet, while other components were derived from additional literature.
Thanks to Pale’ Eric, in an 1872 manifest document embarking out of Honolulu to Guam she was recorded at the age of 25. This means she was born around 1847 on Guam. It is currently unknown why she was in Hawaii.
In 1875, Bartola was a passenger aboard the controversial schooner Arabia, owned by “Bully” Hayes, a known pirate and blackbirder. The Arabia fled Guam with some “deportado” passengers also onboard. It came into trouble and adrift in the waters of Palau. In the area and to the rescue happened to be Crayton P. Holcomb, an American, and Captain of the schooner Scotland. From that incident, a marriage between the two resulted. In addition, Holcomb ended up taking possession of the Arabia and renamed it the Doña Bartola, in honor of his wife.
Bartola is well known in Micronesia history to have defied the German government and refused to recognize its sovereignty claim over Yap in 1885. She was a staunch advocate of the Spanish government and Catholic practices. All indication from historical documents demonstrates that she was smart, courageous, and diplomatic enough to finesse and navigate her way through a culture of foreign masculinity as well as secure the trust and support of the native Chiefs and people of Yap. She was also a woman of linguistic talent and knew how to speak CHamoru, Yapese, Spanish, English and German.
I still have not been able to connect her Garrido lineage with others. But, since the 1700s, there have been several Garrido men who served as Spanish soldiers. Some held key positions. For example, in relation to this era, in 1884, there was an Infantry Second Lieutenant Miguel Garrido, who also served as The Government Secretary. Although Father Aniceto Ibanez had her name initially listed as Bartola Taisague, in future documents her name is recorded as Bartola Garrido y Taisague. Also, Påle’ Eric indicated she may have been also known as Bartola Taisague y Delgado, hinting that Taisague was her mother’s surname and Delgado her mother’s middle name. Having a Garrido surname at the time may have had its perks and influences. There is no mention of her role, if any, in the 1875 “deportados,” incident.
We also know that she and two of her nephews, Ramon/Raimundo and Juan, were described as the only Catholics in Yap in 1887. Ramon was already of adult age to marry, and Juan was about 11 years old in 1887. However, their last names were not recorded.
Some additional interesting accounts of Bartola’s Holcomb-in-laws are recorded. It appears that her husband never told his family about his wife. This is evidenced in a volley of letters between him and his family. Holcomb also seemed to be the financial caretaker of this family in Connecticut. His sister Arlesta, was the most active and persistent in seeking more information about her deceased brother and possessions he may have left behind for his family. In June 1886, the family received a letter from the State Department officially informing them that Holcomb was killed in May 1885. A few months later, the family received its second whammy: a letter dated 16 August 1886, from Bartola. The letter was addressed to her mother-in-law in response to a letter she last sent to her son.
Not only the family could not believe that Holcomb died in St. Matthias Island, Papua New Guinea, but were further shocked to learn of Holcomb’s wife Bartola and more so the opening salutation of the letter, which read, “Dear Mother.” There is no indication if the Holcomb family ever responded to Bartola’s letter or accepted her marriage with Crayton Holcomb.
However, these two shocking pieces of information did not stop Arlesta from continuing to write and press the consulates at several locations. The consulate office in Hong Kong finally responded with information that included some from Captain David O’Keefe in Yap. O’Keefe reiterated to the family Holcomb’s poor financial situation and his reputed wife Bartola.
In Arlesta’s family’s quest over the years to find more information on Crayton Holcomb, her grandson Louis received some information from the Catholic Mission in 1970. He was informed that Fernando Ruepong, an older native Yapese, conveyed some of his recollection regarding Bartola and her husband Crayton. To the natives of Yap, Bartola was known as “Maram.” Maram is not a native word, but is believed to be a corruption of “Madam.” In some Levesque sources, she is sometimes addressed as Madam Bartola. Ruepong also mentions a Juan Borja, and was believed to be Bartola’s brother. Ruepong further stated that Bartola was even known as “Maram Holcomb,” or “Maram Borja.” Ruepong confirmed that Bartola is buried in a cemetery on Yap; however, the Catholic missionaries confirmed that her grave is unmarked. Additionally, they admitted that they found it strange that they did not have any death records on Bartola or any baptismal recordings. Indeed, that is strange, because in a narrative of Father Joaquin Llevaneras visit to Yap from 1 December 1886 to 28 August 1887, he reported that Bartola and Governor were the Godparents of a child baptized with the name Leon, one of the first Carolinian children to receive baptism on 2 February 1887. Llevaneras also reported that since then, about thirty islanders were also baptized.
Sometime after her first husband Holcomb died in 1885, and likely during the German’s possession of Yap beginning in 1899, she remarried a German gentleman with the surname Beck. Other than a couple of reports that listed Bartola as Bartola Beck, I could not find any information about her German husband. The first occurrence of her being listed as Bartola Beck is a 19 May 1900 report from the German Imperial District Administrator of Yap.
In Pascual Artero’s autobiography, he indicated that his later-to-be wife, Asuncion Cruz, and four of her sisters were sent to Yap as teachers. While there, they lived with Bartola and that is where he first met Asuncion. Because of the war between the U.S. and Spain, the Cruz sisters would later board a Japanese schooner to try and get back to Guam. However, the schooner ended up going to Palau and then onto the Bonin Islands. It’s also interesting to note that when the Cruz sisters were in the Bonin Islands, Artero said that they lived with a lady of Guam, who was married to an Englishman. Levesque thinks that the Englishman that Artero was referring to might have been Richard or his son Henry Millenchamp. However, from my records, there was only one well-known woman from Guam in the Bonin Islands in the 1800s, and she was Maria Castro delos Santos. She was the CHamoru matriarch of the Bonin Island descendants, whose husband was Nathaniel Savory, an American. But the timelines for this lady to be Maria seem a little sketchy though because she purportedly had died sometime in 1890 and the Cruz sisters were likely in the Bonin islands mid-to-late 1898 or early 1899. I mention this here as a bookmark in hopes of later resolving: Who was the lady from Guam in the Bonin Islands that Artero mentions? Was Maria Castro delos Santos still alive in the late 1890s?
On 23 October 1884, Bartola’s husband, Holcomb, presented a petition that was translated into Spanish by Bartola. He, Bartola, and eight other people signed the petition. It was addressed to the Governor of the Philippines requesting that a governor be assigned to Yap and Spanish rule be established in Yap and Palau. The petition gave indication that Bartola had a strong religious background and was very loyalty to Spain. Unfortunately, when the Governor acknowledged the petition, he addressed only the men and not Bartola. But even so, the Spanish government did not act fast enough. By August 1885, Germany had exercised its sovereignty and claimed possession of Yap. But that didn’t stop Bartola from flying Spain’s flag on a tree.
In 1886, the Spanish dispatch boat, Marques del Duero, arrived in Yap. On 28 April 1886, the Commander met with Bartola and provided her with her appointment as the Interpreter in Yap. Moments later, Mr. Robert Friedlander, a German, who lived next door, came into Bartola’s house and informed them that he just received a letter from the German Counsel in Manila, that his government now recognizes Spain’s sovereignty over Yap.
The following day, on 29 April 1886 at 9:00am, an assembly with Yap’s native Chiefs took place on a plain of Tapelau with the Commander of the Spanish dispatch boat Marques del Duero. The ceremonies commenced with the official raising of the Spanish flag and possession over Yap, and the Commander delivered the Deed of Possession proclamation over Yap.
A few months later, the Spanish frigate Manila arrived in Yap on 29 June 1886. Its passengers included the first governor of the Carolines, Manuel de Eliza, along with a small contingent of Spanish officials, several Filipino soldiers and convicts to help build the governor’s residence and military barracks on one of the small islands in Yap’s main bay; and six Capuchin missionaries. When they arrived, Bartola Garrido was one of the first people to greet the missionaries at the dock.
The Spanish government had difficulty purchasing land in Yap from the natives to set up its administration and other facilities. And because of that, Bartola offered some land behind her property for 400 pesos. The property was determined to be a strategic point of interest and there was room for the installation of a Government House, barracks, infirmary, officers' house, chapel. Therefore, a Bill of Sale and Deed were drawn up and executed for the Spanish government’s purchase of the island named Apelelan (aka Herrans) from Bartola.
Although, Bartola was officially under the Spanish government’s services as the Interpretor and school teacher in Yap she had a hard time receiving payment from the government. In fact, a letter dated 29 August 1887 from Mariano Torres, the Political Governor of Caroline Islands and Palau, was addressed to the Governor General of the Philippines, requesting support to pay Bartola. The Spanish Government archives contained a pathetic note from Bartola to the Government Secretary in Yap, Mr. Gil, asking for help one night because she did not even have oil for her lamp. Bartola had also been renting part of her house to a man who had not paid his rent for months. So it seems that some people took advantage of Bartola’s kind and generous heart for granted.
A destructive typhoon hit Yap in January 1895. On Bartola’s property the typhoon took out many of the lodgings that were built. Her house was the only one left, but was also badly damaged.
A few more years passed with some key events that would transform colonial powers in the Pacific. After Spain lost the war against the U.S., Germany purchased Yap and many other islands in Micronesia from Spain. On 3 November 1899, the German government officially took over Yap with a handover ceremony. Bartola was said to have been “crying her heart out,” during the ceremony.
The German administration did lease some of Bartola's land. After Bartola’s passing away, the German government took over ownership of all her land. Contrarily, some say that Bartola was still alive when the Japanese took over the administration of Yap from the Germans.
Expected Release of 1950 Census in 2022
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- Written by: Bernard Punzalan
Next year, we can expect the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) to release the 1950 census population schedules for researcher use on April 1, 2022. Decennial census data becomes publicly available every 72 years after it was taken. However, it will take some time for organizations to index the entire census, as well as for the CHamoru Roots Genealogy Project to index the entire census for Guam.
Unfortunately, even though the Northern Mariana Islands were administered by the U.S. after World War II under the United Nations’ Trusteeship on July 18, 1947, their 1950 population census was conducted by the U.S. Navy.[1] They were not included in the U.S. census until 1970. If anyone knows where one can obtain a copy of the Navy’s 1950 census of the Northern Mariana Islands, please let us know.
The outcome of World War II and the reoccupation of the U.S. on Guam revealed a major shift in the 1950 census population demographics. The CHamoru people on Guam became the minority on their native lands.[2] The “CH %” column in the table below represents the rounded percentage of total “Chamorro” people compared to the “Total” (Total, Female, Male) population column. The “CH. Only” column represents the percentage of Female/Male “Chamorro” column compared to “Total” (Female or Male) column for “Chamorro” people only.
[1] https://www.census.gov/history/www/programs/geography/island_areas.html
[2] https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1953/dec/population-vol-02.html
CHamoru Whalers Stranded in Hawaii
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- Written by: Bernard Punzalan
When Don Felipe Dela Corte was Governor of the Mariana Islands (1855-1866), he allowed CHamoro men to embark on whaling ships under a contract with the Captains of ships.[1] He felt that there would be some benefits to them such as a learning opportunities. Upon their return, he had hoped that they would become good seamen to further benefit the Marianas. As part of the contract with a Captain of a ship, the Government required a deposit. However, some Captains abused the agreement. Dela Corte learned that some of those CHamoru men were disembarked in Honolulu and were never returned as agreed. Those sly Captains would deduct earnings from those CHamoru men to recover the deposit cost and left them stranded in Hawaii. Dela Corte proposed to his superiors that he be allowed to send the schooner Secreto to pick up the stranded men, especially those who were married and have not seen their family in many years prior.
Pale' Eric's has also written about this back in 2016, "Recruiting Chamorro Whalers," and provides a sample copy and translation of the contract involving Jose Quintanilla. https://paleric.blogspot.com/2016/06/recruiting-chamorro-whalers.html. He also blogged on other Bayineros during the 1800s.
Below is a list of names from some contracts issued in the 1800s.[2] This list is not intended to imply that these men were stranded and never returned. It is just a list of men named in contracts.
| Last Name | First Name | Year | Vessel | Term | Type |
| Acosta | Joaquin | 1866 | Canton Parker | One year | Schooner |
| Acosta de | Martin | 1856 | Marta | Eight months | Whaling frigate |
| Aguon | Carlos | 1867 | Swallon | Two or three months | Boat |
| Antonio | Jose | 1866 | Ontario | One year | Whaling boat |
| Borja de | Joaquin | 1866 | Ontario | One year | Whaling boat |
| Camacho | Vicente | 1856 | Lydia | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Chargualaf | Jose | 1856 | Cossack | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Cruz de la | Jose | 1856 | Franklin | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Cruz de la | Juan | 1856 | Felipe | One year | Whaling boat |
| Cruz de la | Juan | 1868 | Aguila | One year | Schooner |
| Duenas | Guillermo | 1866 | Ontario | One year | Whaling boat |
| Guerrero | Felipe | 1856 | Eduardo Parry | Eight months | Whaling boat |
| Guerrero | Mariano | 1856 | Roberto Morvion | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Guerrero | Vicente | 1856 | Eduardo Parry | Eight months | Whaling boat |
| Indalecio | Pedro | 1856 | Franklin | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Lizama | Joaquin | 1856 | Cossack | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Manalisay | Jose | 1856 | Lydia | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Manibusan | Jose | 1856 | Felipe | One year | Whaling boat |
| Niurayen | Jose | 1866 | Canton Parker | One year | Schooner |
| Pinaula | Paulino | 1856 | Oceana | One year | Whaling boat |
| Quichocho | Jose | 1867 | Swallon | Two or three months | Boat |
| Quintanilla | Ignacio | 1856 | Eduardo Parry | Eight months | Whaling boat |
| Quintanilla | Ignacio | 1866 | Jerry Perry | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Quintanilla | Jose | 1856 | Eduardo Parry | Eight months | Whaling boat |
| Quitugua | Juan | 1856 | Oceana | One year | Whaling boat |
| Salas de | Juan | 1867 | Swallon | Two or three months | Boat |
| Salas de | Vicente | 1867 | Swallon | Two or three months | Boat |
| San Nicolas de | Mariano | 1856 | Jireh Swift | 25 months | Whaling frigate |
| Santos de los | Jose | 1866 | Canton Parker | One year | Schooner |
| Santos de los | Juan | 1856 | Arab | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Santos de los | Mariano | 1856 | Jireh Swift | 25 months | Whaling frigate |
| Santos de los | Miguel | 1866 | Jerry Perry | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Santos de los | Vicente | 1856 | Roberto Morvion | One year | Whaling frigate |
| Taitano | Jose | 1856 | Felipe | One year | Boat |
| Tenorio | Benjamin | 1866 | Ontario | One year | Whaling boat |
| Torres | Jose | 1856 | Cossack | One year | Whaling frigate |
Although I have yet been able to ascertain if in fact the Secreto ever sailed and recovered some of those CHamoru whalers, we know that several CHamoru whalers did end up settling in Hawaii during the 1800s.
Also, below is a list of Surnames recorded in the 1900 Census for Hawaii where an individual's place of birth is listed as Guam. Some had married native Hawaiian women and began their families. It is not known if these men were abandoned in Hawaii by the Captains of the ships.
Calyhan
Guerrero
Ignacio
Legama
Luhon
Martin
Otis
Pangelinan
Perez
Reys
Rosario
Rose
Sanpos
Santos
Shaw
Tenora
And then finally, in the 1928 Honolulu Star-Bulletin obituary of Isidro Peter Mendiola, he is identified as coming from Guam via a whaling ship in 1852. It was challenging tracking down his identity in early Hawaii census documents. He was not part of the list of surnames above. However, I was able to find him and his family recorded with the surname Mendira and his birthplace was listed as Spain in the 1900 census. Subsequent census documents list his birthplace as Guam. Several recordings in Hawaii list his race or nationality as Spanish, Polynesian and sometimes Asian Other. Also sometimes he is listed as Isidro and other times as Peter....this one remains a work-in-progress, more to come.
Bibliography
[1] Rodrigue Levesque. 2004. History of Micronesia: The Progress of Civilization, 1852-1858, Volume 27, pg. 658-660. Levesque Publications, Quebec, Canada.
[2] Omaira Brunal-Perry (Editor). 1997. Index of Guam Judicial Records, Spanish Records 1807-1920 (Compact Disc). Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam.
Remembering Our People: Commemorating War in the Pacific
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- Written by: Bernard Punzalan
Within the entire Mariana Islands archipelago, July is the month where liberation from enemy occupation by the U.S. forces is hailed. For the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, it’s the 4th of July. For Guam, it’s the 21st of July.
As a practicing CHamoru genealogist, it has become an inherent part my nature to study not only tracing and examining the lines of families, but also the impact of events that affected them and their personal experiences and stories.
In my quest to research more of the CHamoru people that left to places outside of the Mariana Islands, I came across this 2015 article that touched my heart. It touches my heart because I am descendant of survivors of the war in the Pacific. Through my journey in the CHamoru Roots Genealogy Project I can also point out other places where I have discovered people of CHamoru ancestry that have also experienced a degree of trauma and devastations of war: all of Micronesia, Bonin/Ogasawara Islands, Papua New Guinea, and St. Paul Island Alaska. I am sure there will be other places that will surface in the future.
Remember them and our other elder brothers and sisters of the Pacific! They are not are invisible. They are native islanders of the Pacific, where war was brought to them and without a voice.
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